1． Mere: is a syncategorematic
expression used to emphasize that something is not large or important. Its use
informs us about attitudes, not facts. Ex. The plane crashed mere minutes after
take-off.
2． Scientist/scientific: an expert who studies or works in one of the
sciences. Relating to science, or using the organized methods of science. This
expression condemns the confusion of technical jargon and empirical trappings
either whatever 'real' science is.
3． Meaning: The meaning of something is
what it expresses or represents. The word meaning locates a task without
telling us how to go about its study.
4． Linguistics: the systematic study of
the structure and development of language in general or of particular languages
5． Legitimate data: Real information.
6． Method: a particular way of doing
something.
7． Evidence: one or more reasons for
believing that something is or is not true.
8． Fasible goals: an aim or desired
result possible to do easily or conveniently.
9． Mentalism: of or relating to any
school of psychology or psychiatry that in contrast to behaviorism values
subjective data (as those gained by introspection) in the study and explanation
of behavior.
10． Behaviorism: is a theory of learning
based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and
observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
11． Dualistic: a view of human beings as
constituted of two irreducible elements (as matter and spirit).
12． Monistic: a view that there is only
one kind of ultimate substance (material).
13． Ethnography: the study and
systematic recording of human cultures.
14． Anthropology: the study of the human
race, its culture and society and its physical development
15． Postulates: to suggest a theory,
idea, etc. as a basic principle from which a further idea is formed or
developed
16． Postulation method: is a method of
clarifying and simplifying the whole process of argumentation.
17． Form: to begin to exist or to make
something begin to exist
18． Morpheme, word phrase: the smallest
bit of language that has its own meaning, either a word or a part of a word , a
single unit of language which has meaning and can be spoken or written
19． Assumption: something that you
accept as true without question or proof.
20． Phonemes: any of the abstract units
of the phonetic system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech
sounds which are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language
21． Alternation: change, usually a slight
change, in the appearance, character or structure of something
22． Historical linguistics: is the
branch of linguistics that focuses on the interconnections between different
languages in the world and/or their historical development.
23． Literary standard: is accessible
through general or personal educational effort, transcends geographic and
social barriers, and is used on occasions described as formal.
24． Colloquial standard: is observed in
situations lacking formal behaviors among observably privileged classes within
a larger speech meaning.
25． Provincial standard: is observed
among those remote geographically from the formative environments of cultural
centers.
26． Sub-standard: speech behavior is
found among those who must interact daily as peers with each other, but only occasionally,
and as subordinates, to the privileged; their goals, satisfactions,
reinforcement, and opportunities differ markedly from those of standard
speakers, although they may occupy identical territory.
27． Local dialect: is that of an interacting
group with which others have so little contact that dialect speakers are
incomprehensible without considerable attention. The occasions od difference
are time, plus geographic and/or educational isolation.
28． Palatalization: during the
production of a consonant, the tongue and lips take up, as far as compatible
with the main features of the phoneme.
29． Velarization: the tongue is
retracted as for a back vowel.
30． Contrasts: an obvious difference
between two or more things
31． Reference: something that refers as
a ALLUSION, MENTION; as something that refers a reader or consulter to another
source of information; as a consultation of sources of information
32． Sense: a meaning conveyed or intended: IMPORT,
SIGNIFICATION.
33． Expression: when you say what you
think or show how you feel using words or actions
34． Referent: one that refers or is
referred to; especially: the thing that a symbol (as a word or sign) stands for
35． Denotation: a direct specific
meaning as distinct from an implied or associated idea
36． Connotations: a feeling or idea that
is suggested by a particular word although it need not be a part of the word's
meaning, or something suggested by an object or situation
37． Situation: the set of things that
are happening and the conditions that exist at a particular time and place the
economic/political situation
38． Syntax: the grammatical arrangement of words in a
sentence
39． Ethnocentric: believing that the
people, customs and traditions of your own race or nationality are better than
those of other races
40． Exocentric: two or more parts of a
phrase that are different parts of speech and, when combined, form another part
of speech which is different from all of the parts.
41． Structure: the aggregate of elements
of an entity in their relationships to each other.
42． Pattern: an artistic, musical,
literary, or mechanical design or form
43． Design: an underlying scheme that
governs functioning, developing, or unfolding.
44． A priori: stipulating or proclaiming
beforehand something, deduction.
45． A posteriori: Induction of certain
information
46． Structural description: Description
based in the structure of something.
47． Form-classes: a group of words
distinguished by common inflections, such as the weak verbs of English.
48． Lexicon: the vocabulary of a
language, an individual speaker or group of speakers, or a subject
49． Cultural borrowing: is taking ideas,
customs, and social behaviors from another culture or civilization.
50． Intimate borrowing: the borrowing of
linguistic forms by one language or dialect from another when both occupy a
single geographical or cultural community.
51． Dialect borrowing: It usually shows
up, however, in detailed comparative work as inconsistent sound correspondences
and/or as dialect chaining. Chaining occurs when a string of communities share
sets of features with each other in an overlapping fashion so that community A
shares some features with community B, which in turn shares some features with
community C, and so on.
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